The Populist Persuasion Essays - Populism, Political Terminology

The Populist Persuasion : The Populist Persuasion Populism is a development started in the mid-1890s by ranchers and other provincial occupants at that point. It immediately picked up quality and has experienced numerous progressions from that point forward. It has changed in its perspectives, yet in addition in the ideological groups who use it not as a belief system yet rather as a method of influence. Populism is characterized in the book as a language whose speakers consider the To be individuals as one and not as a people limited by class limitations, who see the world class government officials who restrict them as self-serving, and who wish to unite these normal Americans to battle against the domineering forces of the political tip top. Populist speakers in the United States voiced their discontent with elites who overlooked, adulterated, or sold out the perfect of American vote based system, which comprised of rule by the average folks. After the ranchers made what we know as populism in the mid-1890s, there was a farewell party. In the mid twentieth century, ranchers' excitement wound down however two other gatherings' didn't. These gatherings comprised of the workers and the evangelic churchgoers. They contended that associations were presently the best portrayal of the normal man. Simultaneously, working class Protestants were mounting efforts also.. This was the primary progress of the populist development. . The subsequent progress came in the late 1940s when populism started a relocation from Left to Right. Preservationist gatherings and government officials changed the addresses once given by reformers and radicals. Numerous reasons are given in the book with regards to why this change occurred. A portion of these included: the beginning of the Cold War, the way that most white Americans came to consider themselves to be working class customers and citizens, and the development of fervent places of worship whose political position was as preservationist as their philosophy. Continuously and unevenly, a moderate populism developed that vowed to guard ardent, white collar class networks against the administering first class. All through the 1940s and 1950s, many tried different things with this new move in gathering. Be that as it may, moderates didn't completely comprehend populism's potential for influence during races until the 1960s. For the most part, this influence originated from George Wallace. Wallace mobilized up the south's kin; his kin. His kin had unglamorous employments and a culture that loved close families and a consistent confidence in God and nation. They were exhausted and were going to turn this nation around. He figured out how to look and sound increasingly like a conventional, working American than did anybody of differentiation on the white Left. Shockingly for Wallace, however, his style caused him to appear to be a piece of the emergency instead of fundamental to settling it. He was too genuinely populist, too gruff and rash an outlet for the displeasure of his adherents to pull in different voters who just needed the country's difficulties to end. All things considered, starting in the late 1960s, traditionalist activists and government officials - for the most part Republican - re-made themselves as the genuine agents of normal white Americans. They figured out how to raise a similar mass feelings of disdain that George Wallace had discussed yet had been not able to ride to triumph. So as to accomplish what Wallace had flopped in doing, a conditioning of his meaning of the individuals was required. Rather than recommending a takeover by furious steelworkers and road cops, traditionalists declared their comprehension of the worries of the quiet lion's share of makers and customers - citizens, white nationals, housewives, center Americans who felt sold out by the New Left. Before the finish of the 1960s there was a common abhorrence, among most, of the administering and social world class and its alleged companions in the ghettos and nearby. By the late 1980s plainly the American traditionalists had not prevailing with regards to setting up another political request. The populist lawmaker no longer had the substance of a preservationist nor the essence of a liberal. Populism had hopped from the hands of the Left to the hands of the Right through time and proceeds with today as a development endeavoring to make due in a general public where populism has even been utilized by promoters as a trend. Populism is, as I would like to think, a vital segment of majority rules system today. In any case, I accept that put to use in the proper way is the main manner by which it

Alice Pauls Determination in Womens Suffrage Example For Students

Alice Pauls Determination in Womens Suffrage It was January 11, 1885 and in Moorestown, New Jersey what I would call a rook in the chess round of women’s testimonial, was conceived. It’s difficult to accept that such a staggering captivation in balance could be so profoundly submerged in a lady just twenty-seven years old. Nonetheless, when you realize that this individual is in all honesty Alice Paul, accepting gets simpler. It was the insubordination confined up inside this sparkler of a lady that drove her consistently through the extraordinary clash of womans testimonial. Experiencing childhood in a Quaker home with strong guardians empowered Paul since the beginning to challenge others’ convictions when they contrasted from her own. An accentuation was additionally positioned on acting with respectability. Paul never dithered to do as such and she followed her heart with a visually impaired eye, any place it would lead her. These were the structure hinders that formed a lady who molded women’s testimonial. Paul made a trip to England on a political apprenticeship. It was in England where she become a close acquaintence with a gathering of radicals, and there couldn’t have been a superior time or spot for such a companionship to occur. Britain was at present consumed in its own fight with women’s testimonial, and this set off a flash in Paul that developed to light a fire when she pledged to herself to carry fierce women's liberation to the United States. If anything somehow managed to put Paul beside her kindred suffragists, it would be her procedures. The sheer boldness behind them! It’s as though her PhD. in Sociology gave her a key into the brains of her foes that permitted her to control the development through their unavoidable shortcomings. For example, it is one thing to arrange a picket, yet Paul can curve and specialist one to generously underscore its impact. The day preceding President Woodrow Wilson’s introduction she arranged and organized walks of picketers to be held before the White House. It was she who bit by bit drove the picketers in the walks. Progress, on the off chance that anything, was Paul’s fundamental motivation, and she was not one to wait in a spot that would any not as much as launch her towards her objective. For quite a while, Paul was an individual from NAWSA (National American Women’s Suffrage Association), yet she before long left it for being disappointed in its absence of hostility. Therefore, she framed the National Women’s Party. The gathering was fruitful in spite of it’s disagreeability for enmity with respect to NAWSA, yet end up being a more than satisfactory fortification for the affiliation. The latest relevant point of interest, the NWP proceeded with its line of movement, similar to dormancy that in spite of the grating, conveys something ahead until the end. Tirelessness was the benefit that made the impact behind her rebellions. Significant changes that took starting point from this development are the Anthony Amendment, nineteenth Amendment, and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Paul was an essential component in forcing the sanction of those recorded above, however significantly more so significant in the way that she was the one to initially get ready and draft the ERA. While others accepted the option to cast a ballot would thus prompt fairness between the genders, Paul new better, and realized it well. Her battle was not finished, and for recognized accomplishment to be reached, one must quit any trace of something. It is an incredible trade off that waits in this universe. Paul was not sound through her support in women’s testimonial. It is through these results that she can be assigned ethically bold. For the sole reason for displaying her quality at her fights Paul confronted capture and brutal beatings. Through the time passed during one of her captures specifically, Paul arranged yearning strikes, and thusly lead others to do as such. Controlled, those on strike had elastic cylinders fiercely constrained down their noses. It was in this style the strikers ate for longer than a month. After her discharge, the force of the assurance beating within Paul demonstrated a lot for those restricted to womans rights during the time. She was again captured and held in isolation on the mental ward of a jail. What might appear to be a mishap in her capacity to battle developed to get huge in its effect on the development. At the point when the jail where she was held gotten exposure for its terrible conditions, Paul increased national compassion. This, t hus, tipped over a domino in womans testimonial, and the development got its looked for acknowledgment. .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae , .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .postImageUrl , .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae , .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:hover , .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:visited , .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:active { border:0!important; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:active , .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b 8c92d67a3dae .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u08f677b3484a003a3b6b8c92d67a3dae:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Women’s Suffrage Movement in America EssayPaul’s activities demonstrate that if there’s a will, there’s a way. I can adjust this exercise in my own life to conquer whatever snag I may confront. She has instructed me to endure, and with this, I can transform my fantasies into a reality. At the point when your objective is conceivable however by one way or another continues maintaining a strategic distance from your grip, Paul likewise showed that it won’t hurt to get a little on the unpleasant side. Through the exercises she has in dispassionately shown me, I realize that any common individual can have any kind of effect. Paul battled for sixty-five years to pick up rights as an American lady, however she just lived to see half of her fantasy finished. In the event that she could see our general public now with the impact the ERA has had, I have no uncertainty she would show a grin greater than every last bit of her endeavors consolidated, triumph sparkling famously in her eyes. Because of her work, Paul has given a commitment to each lady in America. We should endeavor to improve the world a spot. Her inheritance may introduce this as an overwhelming undertaking, yet it truly isnt so. Our ethics and qualities cannot represent themselves, and it is through us that they should be passed on and weaved through humankind. Negating a racial slur or in any event, grinning at an outsider are straightforward ways we can address this commitment. Openings are all over the place; I know Ill take the following one. Works Cited Schnell, J. Christopher. Paul, Alice (1885-1977). Finding U.S. History. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Understudy Resource Center Junior. Hurricane. Poudre High School. 18 Feb. 2011â . Keenan, Sheila. Educational Encyclopedia of Women in the United States. New York: Scholastic Reference, 2002. Print.

Objection to Deceptive Advertisement

Objection to Deceptive Advertisement Objection to Deceptive Advertisement Home›Marketing Posts›Objection to Deceptive AdvertisementMarketing PostsThe whole idea of an advertisement is to manipulate a person into desiring a product they previously did not care much about. Many consumer advertisements do not actually give real facts about the product, but rather aim at altering the lifestyle of the audience, by creating a new self image. Deceptive advertisement, as this form of advertising is called, is not a good trend and should be appropriately controlled by the relevant mechanisms.Generally, the consumer holds the advertiser in high esteem and as such, expects nothing short of honesty in the message delivered. The belief that advertisements are rich sources of information is captured in results of several studies carried in the past. According to studies spanning from 1974 to 1989, the majority or 70% of the consumers trust advertisements (Coulter, Robin A. 2001).If the confidence that the consumer has regarding a particular product is lost, regaining the same level of trust is next to impossible. Most of these advertisements use weasel words or practice what is referred to as puffery in order to draw customers. Examples of such advertisements are “Omo, the most powerful detergent” and “…help control acne”.This practice is seen to be harmful and unethical towards the consumers, who consequently turn to defensive reactions towards any further advertisement. Deceptive advertisement is a direct contradiction of the first of the three moral principles of advertisement, which is the upholding of truthfulness at all instances. As Peter R. Darke and Robin J.B. Ritchie (2007) say, deceptive advertising triggers these self protective reactions through biased systematic processing and biased heuristic processing.Generally, consumers perceive all the information emanating from the advertiser as whole some truth. However, if they do not get the desired results from the product, then the adver tiser can be deemed to have failed the limit of moral behavior.

How Might transcendentalism be Seen as a Natural American Reaction to or Incarnation of European Romanticism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 751 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? The late eighteenth century marked the beginning of romanticism in Europe. Unlike realism, classicism and the convention that preceded it, the Romantic Movement in Europe was embodied by the power of the individual and subjective experience. Nature was deeply appreciated, and an individuals strong feelings or reactions were believed to lead to a higher truth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Might transcendentalism be Seen as a Natural American Reaction to or Incarnation of European Romanticism?" essay for you Create order The romantic era in Europe was also an idealistic era, leading to social equality, freedom and human rights. When looking at our countrys history, one can see that transcendentalism was a natural American reaction to or incarnation of European romanticism. Transcendentalism can be seen as an American reaction to European romanticism in the areas of the power of the individual, the distrust of classical forms and tradition and the appreciation of nature. European Romanticism emphasized the potential of the individual and their experiences. Romanticism during the French revolution had changed the historical view from a hierarchy, to one emphasizing the will of the people and the triumph of the individual. Rather than history and decisions coming down from the monarchy, the common masses believed in the rights of man, equality and human rights and the ability they had to influence these changes. American transcendentalism continued this movement. Presidents were not revered as monarchs. Voting rights were given to all free adult males, and our Declaration of Independence went so far as to state that all men are created equal. Transcendental reaction to romanticism stressed faith in the individual, their ability to handle freedoms and the belief that humans could elevate beyond their animal instincts to intuitively choose for human rights. As a transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote of the drawbacks of civilization, and the positiv e side of self-reliance. The belief in democracy for our young nation was also a transcendental reaction. The American transcendentalist reaction continued the romantic notion of the individual to promote democracy, voting rights, social equality, human rights and self-reliance. Another tenet of European romanticism was the distrust of classical forms and tradition. In Europe this meant trying to escape their considerable history and start over. However, in America, everything was new, and the optimism and potential of romanticism influenced government, expansion and human rights. Monarchial rule was avoided, and instead a democratic system of three branches of government, with a president elected by the common masses was set up. Self-made men were revered, as opposed to monarchies, with such examples of Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln being elected president. The optimism of a new government and the belief in democracy are both transcendental values brought upon by Americans reaction to European Romanticism. Finally, romanticism upheld the appreciation of nature. European romantics tended to use their individual experiences with nature to influence their decisions. The higher laws of god were exhibited in ones personal experience with nature. This romantic belief was incarnated in American transcendentalism in a much larger capacity. Transcendentalists emphasized the beauty of nature, and the inspiration of wilderness. Through ones experience with nature an individual could transcend to a higher plain and live life to the highest principles. Our new countrys vast, beautiful, unexplored wilderness as well as Americans expansion into this frontier was very much a result of transcendental ideals. Another transcendental reaction to European romanticism and nature was in the value of the primitive lifestyle. Native Americans were looked up to as being close to nature and revered for their primitive lifestyle. One of the most influential transcendental writers, Henry David Thoreau, spoke of me n leading lives of quiet desperation(7) as a result of capitalism and losing touch with nature. He would go to the woods to learn what it had to teach (81). The beauty of nature would then lead an individual to a higher spirituality. Our young nations expansionism, admiration on the primitive lifestyle of the Native Americans and artistic appreciation of the Hudson River School artists are all transcendental reactions to European romanticism. In summary, individual experiences, a distrust of classical forms and tradition and the appreciation of nature are three areas that transcendentalism can be seen as a reaction to European romanticism. Americans reaction to romanticism led to voting rights for all free adult males, a democratic form of government without a monarch, expansionism and Hudson River artists are all a result of our transcending romanticism. The young nations romantic promise and idealism led to the transcendental movement that brought about the changes inspired by European romanticism. Works cited Thoreau, Henry David. Walden and other Writings of Henry David Thoreau. New York: Random House, 1950. Print.

Is Medication Safe for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity...

The use of drug therapy for children with ADHD has escalated to an alarming degree in this â€Å"pill popping† world. Most parents as well as educators became more demanding for a â€Å"quick fix† for children who have been diagnosed with academic and behavioral problems (ODell Cook, 2004 ). There has been increasing concern about the potential adverse side effects of these medications. Prescriptions and drugs for ADHD come with discussion and directions for use, and the purpose of the drugs. The section for side effects often comes in technical language and small print, and many people do not read this section at all. People tend to stop reading this section when they encounter difficult chemical names and descriptions. Furthermore, some of†¦show more content†¦It is important that if parents suspect that their children may be over-active even during the developmental stage of play especially in pre-school, they should start to make comparisons between the ch ild and his same aged peers. According to Fowler (2004), children may be suspected to have hyperactivity when they seem to be always on the go. The most common activity found in children about 2-3 years old is one who spend less time with a single toy, one who is squirmy compared to his peers and one who is always darting out of the house. At all ages, hyperactive children display excessive and loud talking. Listed in the DSM-IV TR (2000) are the symptoms of hyperactivity in both children and adults: (1) frequent fidgeting with the hands and feet or often found squirming in seats (2) often leaves his/her seat in the classroom or in other situations wherein he is expected to remain seated (3) often runs about or climbs exceptionally in appropriate situations wherein in adolescents, it may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness (4) often finds it difficult to play or engage in leisure activities in a quite manner (5) always on the go or acts as if he is driven by a motor and (6) shows signs of loud or e xcessive talking. It is reported that in most settings, four to nine times as many boys as girls are diagnosed with hyperactivity and in the United States, the incidence rate isShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. 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Colgate Marketing Free Essays

Colgate-Palmolive Company  (NYSE:  CL) is an  American  diversified  multinational corporation  focused on the production, distribution and provision of household, health care and personal products, such as  soaps,  detergents, and  oral hygiene  products  . In 1806,  William Colgate, himself a soap and candle maker, opened up a starch, soap, and candle factory on Dutch Street in  New York City  under the name of â€Å"William Colgate amp; Company†. In the 1840s, the firm began selling individual bars in uniform weights. We will write a custom essay sample on Colgate Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1857, William Colgate died and the company was reorganized as â€Å"Colgate amp; Company† under the management of  Samuel Colgate, his son. In 1872, Colgate introduced  Cashmere Bouquet, a perfumed soap. In 1873, the firm introduced its first toothpaste, an aromatic toothpaste sold in jars. His company sold the first toothpaste in a tube, Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream, in 1896. By 1908 they initiated mass selling of toothpaste in tubes. Colgate-Palmolive has long been in fierce competition with  Procter amp; Gamble, the world’s largest  soap  and  detergent  maker. P;amp;G introduced its  Tide  laundry detergent  shortly after  World War II, and thousands of consumers turned from Colgate’s soaps to the new product. Colgate lost its number one place in the  toothpaste  market when Pamp;G started putting  fluoride  in its toothpaste. In the beginning of  television, â€Å"Colgate-Palmolive† wished to compete with  Procter amp; Gamble  as a sponsor of  soap operas. Although the company sponsored many shows in part, they were most famous for being the full sponsor of the serial  The Doctors. Year Wise Details * 1873 – Aromatic toothpaste was first introduced. * 1896 – First dental cream was introduced in collapsible tube. * 1928 – Colgate merged with Palmolive Peet Company. * 1937 – Colgate Palmolive India limited was come in existence. 1949 – Colgate toothpaste launched in Indian market by CPIL. Company details * Fabian Garcio is the Chairmen and Roger D. Calmayer is the M. D Company. * It acquired 75% equity in advance oral care product * Registered office is located at Mumbai. * Its total turn over is Rs. 1363 cr. * Its main business is manufacturing and marketing of oral care products toilet soaps, shaving products etc. * Its has captured highest share in the toothpaste brand in India. * Its manufacturing plant is situated at Baddi plant of Himachal Pradesh Colgate toothpaste * Launched in 1949 , Colgate is largest tooth paste in India . Colgate has been ranked as India most trusted brand across all Categories for four consecutive years from 2003 to 2007 by brand equities most trusted brand survey. Colgate was also rated as the no. 1 brand. * Colgate toothpaste has variety of products which includes : * Colgate dental cream * Colgate active salt * Colgate max fresh * Colgate total 12 * Colgate extra clean gum care * Colgate sensitive toothbrush * Colgate 360 toothbrush Total market share of Colgate in different years The leader in the oral-care category is posi tioned to capitalize on underpenetrated market segments through strong brands. A 51% subsidiary of Colgate US, Colgate Palmolive (India) (CPIL) is a market leader in the Indian oralcare industry since decades. The company has products across variants and price points in toothpaste, toothpowder, and toothbrushes, and has leadership in each of these. CPIL’s two brands of toothpastes — Colgate and Cibaca — are targeted at the urban and rural markets, respectively. CPIL’s toothpaste sales volume increased 11% and toothbrush 41% in the September 2008 quarter, expanding its overall market share to 37. 7% in the January-August 2008 period. The company boosted the toothpowder market share to 48. % in the January-August 2008 period. These increases were driven by tight focus on getting closer to consumers everywhere, strengthening partnerships with the dental profession and customers in the trade and fostering innovation in all areas of business. The launch of innovative products such as Colgate Active Salt, Colgate Maxfresh and Colgate 360 ° toothbrush also contributed to the growth of the market share. Penetration of modern oral-care products below 55% is low in India as many people in rural India still clean their teeth with traditional products like twigs of neem tree, salt, ash, and other herbal items. Per capita consumption of toothpaste in India is among the lowest globally. While India’s per capita consumption of toothpaste is 92 grams, even countries like China and Malaysia consume much at 219 grams and 285 grams, respectively. Also, just 7% of the population here brushes twice a day as compared with 61% in China. Increasing awareness on the benefits of oral care and brushing twice daily would work in favour of CPIL. In the current scenario of economic slowdown, there may be a reduction in demand for premium products and higher demand for value-for-money products. CPIL will be at a significant competitive advantage as it has one of the strongest brands in the lower priced toothpaste segment. The company has improved its presence in the value-for-money segment through an increase in market share of Cibaca from 5% in the year ended March 2005 (FY 2005) to 7. 3% in FY 2008. The markets for advanced oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth whitening products are at a nascent stage in India. These products find limited usage with consumer concentration in urban areas. CPIL caters to these products and has an upper hand in the development of this market as they evolve in future. The company has also made attempts to widen its product basket through entry into shower gels and body washes and has been steadily expanding its offerings in the Palmolive Naturals as well as Palmolive Thermal Spa range. To make effective use of capital, address overcapitalisation and reward shareholders, CPIL cut its share capital from Rs 136 crore to Rs 13. 6 crore in the fiscal ended March 2008 (FY 2008). Though the number of shares outstanding and the shareholding structure have remained unchanged, this reduction has substantially improved the return ratios like return on capital employed (RoCE) and return on equity (RoE). RoCE spurted to 129. 95% in FY 2008 from 90. 01% in FY 2007. RoNW improved to 104. 67% from 71. 23%. CPIL aims at margin gains through efficient supply-chain management and bringing down cost of operations. It has expanded its Baddi (tax-efficient zone), Himachal Pradesh, capacity to 66,000 tonnes in FY 2009 from 40,000 tonnes in FY 2007. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. These benefits will boost margin. With most commodity prices falling, CPIL’s raw material, packing and transport costs will also come down, helping it to increase margin as also expand ad budgets to boost volume growth. Net sales increased 16% to Rs 863. 06 crore in the half year ended September 2008. Operating profit margin declined 96 basis points to 18. 9% and operating profit grew 10% to Rs 162. 95 crore. Total tax outgo fell 11% to Rs 28 crore, which lifted net profit 17% to Rs 135. 40 crore. Company expect CPIL to register EPS of Rs 19. 7 in FY 2009. The share price trades at Rs 405. P/E is 20. 6. Cost of advertisement incurred by colgate toothpaste in different years. Strong rural off take for FMCG products and Colgate’s expanding market shares in oral care suggest that the company could sustain strong topline growth over the next 2-3 years. Colgate’s profit growth may outpace sales growth, as it widens its product mix and lowers tax incidence by shifting more of its production to tax-free zones. At the current market price, the stock trades at about 19 times its expected earnings for 2008-09 and about 16 times expected earnings for 2009-10, at par with FMCG peers. The company’s strong cash coffers, rising dividends and high dividend yield also make the stock a good defensive pick in a volatile market. Colgate Palmolive India, which holds a 49. 2 per cent market share in toothpastes and a 35. 2 per cent share in toothbrushes, is the dominant player in the Indian oral care market. Oral care products have seen strong volume growth over the past year, driven by consumer upgrading (from toothpowder to paste) and strong rural offtake. As the only other FMCG company apart from Hindustan Unilever to have an extensive rural distribution network, Colgate appears well placed to capitalise on strong rural demand for FMCGs, which is being driven by buoyancy in rural incomes and spending power. In the past year, Colgate has been able to expand its oral care market share on the back of new product launches and a strong presence in the economy segment where rival Hindustan Unilever does not have a major presence. Given its dominant market share, Colgate enjoys considerable pricing power to pass on input cost increases to consumers. The company has also made attempts to widen its relatively narrow product basket through an entry into shower gels and body washes and has been steadily expanding its offerings under the â€Å"Palmolive Naturals† as well as â€Å"Palmolive Thermal Spa† range. Shower gel is a high growth segment which offers superior profit margins. Colgate’s strategy of shifting from outsourcing to own manufacture of products and locating new facilities in tax-free zones, has also led to steadily improving profitability. Its operating profit margins have moved up from 17-18 per cent to 22 per cent over the past 3 years. The company closed the nine months ended December 2007 with a 14-per cent growth in sales and a 30-per cent growth in net profit (excluding one-off items), despite significantly higher advertising spends. COMAPANY’S SALES IN LAST 3 YEARS Amounts spend by all toothpaste brands on advertisement (InRs. Crs. ) From the above data we can say that Colgate gives preference to TV media and very small share of advertisement budget is spent on print media Toothpaste penetration Talking about penetration Colgate concentrates more on urban India, so there is scope to expand business and market share in rural India . Cost of advertisement incurred by different toothpaste brands Even when we will compare Colgate with its competitors in terms of amount spent on marketing we can see that we can clearly see that colgate is the one who spends highest amount on advertising i. e. 40 % of entire market spending on advertisement. Competitor who stood second in spending is PEPSODENT . PEPSODENT spends 22% on advertisement capturing 22. 8 %of the total market share. Followed by CLOSEUP whos is third in Product mix Strong Teeth Decay Protection | Colgate Strong | Complete 12 Hr Protection | Colgate Total | Cooling Crystal Freshness | Colgate Max Fresh | Fresher Breath | Colgate Energy Gel | Plaque amp;Removal | Colgate Herbal | Total Oral Care | Colgate Cibacea | Stains Preventing amp; Shiny | Colgate Advanced Whitening | Germ Fighters | Colgate Salt | Fruity Bubble Gam Flavour | Colgate Kids | Price Mix The Regular segment: Volume(64,922 tons) | The Low price point segment Volume(21,641 tons) | Price Range | | Price Range | | 50 gms | Rs 12. 5-24 | 50 gms | Rs. 8-10 | 100 gms | Rs. 25-30 | 100 gms | Rs. 4-20 | 150 gms | Rs. 35-45 | 150 gms | Rs. 25 | Prominent brands: | Prominent brands: | †¢ Colgate †¢ Pepsodent †¢ Close-up †¢ Meswak †¢ Dabur Red | †¢ Colgate Cibaca †¢ Babool †¢ Anchor †¢ Ajanta | Place mix * Colgate palmolive spread all over country. It has 3. 5 million retail outlets and 4235 direct distribution channel. * It has cover 75 % of urban market and 39 % of rural market of its total market share. * Colgate toothpaste are available at all most every retail shops in pune. * The Company is tying up with initiatives like E- Chupal and Disha to further strengthen its distribution network. Shubham Enterprises * Add. 16 no. , New kalebari, Meera complex ground floor pune (411033) Dealer margin : 10 Rs (per carton) Retailer margin Per box 6 – 7 Rs. (Per box ) box 50 gm. – 24 piece box 100 gm. – 12 piece box 200 gm – 6 piece promotion mix * Colgate has use various promotion strategy like discount , offers such as 20% extra on colgate strong , free tooth brush with cibaca toothpaste . * It has adopted various medium of advertisement like TV ads, oral care campaign * It has tied up with IDA * It has given free check up by introducing oral health month. Steps taken: Segmentation * CPIL has segmented market on the basis of product features * 1 Geographic segmentation – * Rural area – Colgate herbal amp;Cibaca toothpaste. * Urban area – Colgate Gel ,Colgate max fresh, Colgate strong etc. Demographic segmentation * A) Age – 2 year amp; above * B) Gender – M/F * C) Income – Rs. 5000 amp; above * D) Family life cycle – Young single, married, with children , old people * E) Education – Both educated on non educated people Psychographic Segmentations * A) Life style – * Sustainer – Colgate Strong Colgate dental Achiever – Colgate energy gel * Experimental – Colgate citrus blast * Health Conscious – Colgate herbal Behavioral Segmentation * A) Value segmentation – Good quality , benefits, value for money * B) User status – Regular user, first time * C) Loyalty – Medium , strongly * D) Uses rate – light amp; Medium Targeting * Company has mainly targeted childrenamp; youth all over the country . Since a child involves it’s whole family so their parents also use it. * For youths they have launched Colgate max fresh amp; Colgate energy Gel for modern amp; adventures generation. Positioning As the â€Å"dental expert† Colgate has identified different oral needs and Offers the customer a toothpaste that full fill their desired needs. * It has established its brand image in customer mind so customer has total faith on it. Conclusion amp; Recommendations * CIPL is doing extremely well in all the areas of its operations and this is the reason for its being the market leader. * It is no. 1 brand of toothpaste in India it has capture more than 39% market share. * The company should focuse on more promotional strategies and Distribution system through effectiv e SCM to beat its competitor . How to cite Colgate Marketing, Papers

Supply Creates Its Own Demand free essay sample

Each enlargement of output adds to the wages and other incomes that constitute the funds needed to purchase added output. Classical economists had complete faith in markets. They believed that the economy would always settle automatically at the full employment equilibrium in the long-run. However, they did acknowledge that there might be a slightly different reaction in the short run as the economy adjusted to its new long-run equilibrium. Keynes provides the following formulation of Says Law in Chapter Two of his General Theory: The classical economists have taught that supply creates it own demand, meaning by this in some significant, but not clearly defined, sense that the whole of the costs of production must necessarily be spent in the aggregate, directly or indirectly, on purchasing the product. Keynesian economics places central importance on demand, believing that on the macroeconomic level, the amount supplied is primarily determined by effective demand or aggregate demand, and Keynes summarized Says law as supply creates its own demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Creates Its Own Demand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, without sufficient demand for the products of labour, the availability of jobs will be low; without enough jobs, working people will receive inadequate income, implying insufficient demand for products Says Law had to an important extent replaced theorie de debouches or law of markets as the name for a particular set of economic principles that was part of the core foundation of classical economic thought. Two questions therefore intrude themselves. Firstly, were the words, supply creates its own demand a fair characterisation of the meaning that classical economists wished to convey? And, secondly, where might the words supply creates its own demand have originated in the first place? J. B Say believed that it is production that creates market for goods. He says every producer finds its buyer in other words every supply of output creates an equivalent demand for output, and so therefore there can never be a problem of general over production. For Example, in the Nigerian economy if a manufacturer/producer decides to go into the production of blankets, he/she would already have a target market where he can take his products for sale. Like in our case the blanket manufacturer would target his market in places like Jos, Plateau state where the weather condition is cold and therefore the populace of this area would purchase it more thus, â€Å"supply creates its own demand†.   A free market enterprise is one within which all markets are unregulated by any parties other than market participants. In its purest form, the government plays a neutral role in its administration and legislation of economic activity, neither limiting it (by regulating industries or protecting them from internal/external market pressures) nor actively promoting it (by owning economic interests or offering subsidies to businesses or RD). It is a competitive market where prices are determined by supply and demand. However, the term is also commonly used for markets in which economic intervention and regulation by the state is limited to tax collection, and enforcement of private ownership and contracts. Free-market economics is closely associated with laissez-faire economic philosophy, which advocates approximating this condition in the real world by mostly confining government intervention in economic matters to regulating against force and fraud among market participants. Some free-market advocates oppose taxation as well, claiming that the market is more efficient at providing all valuable services of which defense and law are no exception, that such services can be provided without direct taxation and that consent would be the basis of political legitimacy making it a morally consistent system. Free-market economy is a system for allocating goods within a society: purchasing power mediated by supply and demand within the market determines who gets what and what is produced, rather than the state. A free market may refer narrowly to national economies, or internationally; specific reference to international markets is referred to as free trade (for goods) or lack of capital controls (for money). The major reason why unemployment is impossible in the free market enterprise is because of the laissez faire system they adopt. They believe that the market forces of demand and supply will bring the economy back to equilibrium which is the full employment level. They had strong belief in free and perfect competition idea of the profit motive and price mechanism to remedy the temporary ills of the economic system and ensure full employment. So, basically i feel the reason why unemployment is impossible in the free market enterprise is based on the invisible hand/laissez faire system of the interplay of the market forces to bring back the economy to full employment.

Marketing Mix Tesco Poland Case Study Essays

Marketing Mix Tesco Poland Case Study Essays Marketing Mix Tesco Poland Case Study Essay Marketing Mix Tesco Poland Case Study Essay In this report I will discuss the marketing mix for Tesco Poland and also the current and potential treats in the marketing/competition environment and suggested some recommendations. Tesco started its activity in Poland in November 1995 with a strategic investment in the Savia supermarket chain. The first store with Tesco’s logo was opened in 1998. From 1995 Tesco made many mergers and acquisitions (table one p. 13) and this was the first stage in the development of Tescos Poland network, which in the past two years has developed a chain of small size shops in whole country (Figure 1) (Tesco, 2010). Tesco apparently has ambitions to take over the Netto and Billa chains, amounting to 183 retail outlets in total (IFO, 2010). The main strategy of Tesco Poland is to taker over weaker, competing networks and engaging fierce, competitive struggle with others. The strongest Tesco’s competitors currently are Carrefour and Biedronka which use the same methods of competition (table one p. 13). To increase turnover and profits Tesco operates as a limited liability company under the name of TESCO Polska Sp. z o. o.. Figure1. Reflected location of Tesco’s stores across the Republic of Poland Marketing mix using Tesco Poland as an example Marketing mix takes a systematic approach to an analysis of the market and outputs of which enable Tesco to maximise customer satisfaction. Each of the marketing mix factors should not only be internally integrated, but also should have a high degree of efficiency and effectiveness. Traditionally the marketing mix consisted of just 4 Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) but has been extended to 7 Ps (People, Process, Physical evidence) (Dibb Simkin, 2001). 1. 1Products Tesco Poland has a wide range of products designed for different consumer segments: grocery, medication, food supplements and hygiene articles, household goods, toys and gifts, bicycles and scooters, clothing, shoes, entertainment and books, PC, photo, games, home electrical, sound and vision, phones, sports and leisure, furniture and kitchen, baby and toddler, gardening (seasonal outdoor of stores), alcohols and tobaccos, banking, petrol and others. Sir Terry Leahy in 1993 in his National Business Awards was asked: â€Å"What’s your secret for making Tesco, Britain’s number one retailer? and his answer was: â€Å"We sell what people want† (Seth Randall, 2005). And that is a key to the success in Poland as well. Products in Polish branches are split into good quality such as brand products, Polish products and regional products and inferior quality such as discount price, Tesco value and other Tesco products. Figure2. Types of food products in Tesco Poland 1. 2Price Since the expansion in Poland, Tesco has competed over price with its biggest competitors such as Real, Carrefour, Biedronka and Lidl. From the beginning March 2009 Tesco introduced products at discount prices in Poland as well as iscounts of 30 to 88 percent on selected articles (WP, 2010). Through cutting prices offering their own payment cards, vouchers and temporary promotions Tesco became attractive to customers. Price cuts were possible because of the pressure exerted by Tesco on their suppliers (Appendix 1). However not everything is cheap in Tesco. Regional managers usually cut prices of the most popular goods in each store, because in that way Tesco is attractive for potential customers. Of course the customers are buying other, more expensive goods too, so the overall margins are maintained. 1. 3Place The principle of Tesco’s distribution is: â€Å"the right product in the right place, at the right position, at the right time and at the right cost† (Tesco, 2010). Tesco applied composite distributions, which consists of a smaller number of composite warehouses. Warehouses can store a lot of products at different temperatures, and thus provide more efficiency in terms of cost in relation to daily deliveries to all stores. Warehouses operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Delivery vehicles for wholesale composite have trailers, divided into chambers, so they can keep three different temperature levels at the same time. There are three main distribution centres in Poland (Tesco, 2010): Teresin near Warsaw – 55 000 m2 (fresh and dry food) and 30 000 m2 (manufacturers), Strykowo – 18 000 m2 (ensures delivery to the smaller shops) Legionowo – 17 000 m2 (ensures delivery to the smaller shops). Overview of the relations between Tesco and its suppliers is given in Appendix 2. Figure3. The biggest logistics base and the main distribution center of Tesco Poland. Teresin near Warsaw. 9 Promotion Promotion is based on informing consumers about products or services, and the company itself in order to create preferences for them on the market. Tesco Poland uses most of the available means of communication/promotions to gain customers: sales promotion (offer of the week, special offer, hit of the month, buy now pay later, discount price, buy one get one free/half price – rarely used) advertising (TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, billboards, internet, adverts on public transport vehicles and Tesco’s transport, adverts in own stores, shopping centres and parking) personal selling (cashiers, shop assistants, call centre consultants etc) direct marketing (correspondence with coupons, monthly newspapers and quarterly catalogues delivered to homes of all inhabitants of town/city) public relations (social campaigns: Tesco for Schools, Clean Up the World with Tesco. Be beautiful with Tesco, Ekstraklasa (graduate scheme), Tesco for you and your family). An overview of the promotion instruments along with examples used by Tesco Poland is in Appendix 2. 10 People Tesco currently employs almost 27 000 people (Tesco, 2010) and offers: Professional training regardless of employees’ positions. A program for graduates (EKSTRAKLASA launched in 2008). A bonus scheme (demanding standards) Employee discounts on goods purchased (after one year of employment). Despite this, Tesco does not belong to the popular employers. Forced overtime together with long hours, minimum wage payments, adverse employees’ contracts and generally poor conditions of work produced weakly motivated and frustrated employees (Macalister, 2008; just-food, 2008; JS, 2009). Also Tesco has a serious problem with mobbing in the workplace. In late April and early May 2009 Tesco was visited by inspectors of the National Labour Inspectorate. As a result of control at one store inspectors issued 50 negative opinion and decisions. That illustrates the scale of the phenomenon – said Michal Olesiak from National Labour Inspectorate (Piatek, 2009). This treatment of employees is not good for the image of Tesco and the average consumer quite often chooses alternatives to Tesco because of his reputation. Figure4. â€Å"Too much, too hard, Tesco† – strikes of the Tesco’s employees in Poland 2008 – 2009 (photos from the private collections of protesting staff). 11 Process In Poland due to the dissatisfaction of workers and the creation of an unpleasant atmosphere around Tesco stores a hotline was created to facilitate customers in making decisions about shopping at Tesco and in dispelling doubt (Tesco, 2010). Consultants of the hotline take over some of responsibility from shop assistants and assistants in customer services. Currently customer service in Tesco looks much better, however there still are problems with dissatisfied staff. Tesco Poland needs accomplish profound changes in personnel policy because weakly motivated and appreciated employees who do not provide customer service in the relevant standard. 12 Physical evidence Tesco is not just a shop but is also a commercial space. Tesco stores are a developed infrastructure with specific interior and surroundings: 1. 7. 1 Parking Inseparable from every Tesco hypermarket is parking (sometimes multilevel). Before Christmas some parts of the parking are turned into marketplace and in spring and summer parts of the parking are turned into space for selling plants and accessories for the garden. [pic] Figure5. Tesco car parks – Poland (psboy, 2010) 1. 7. 2 Buildings Tesco hypermarkets are usually built outside the town/city center. Tesco and unlike the other chains do not form part of a larger shopping complex. This is one of the weak points of Tesco, because when customers choose other supermarkets they have the option to visit shops, restaurants, cafes and even a cinema or bowling. Currently Tesco is changing its strategy and has started building whole commercial complexes. Figure6. Modern Tesco in Krosno with large shopping galleries (Krzanowski, 2010) 1. 7. 3 Stores/decor/furnishings The interior of commercial establishments is designed in the same style for the whole network. Dominant colours are yellow, red and blue and have importance in relation to the psychology of colour: Yellow – associated with the sun, inspires sympathy, improves mood Red – attracts the eye, stimulates the action, energises Blue – the shade used in Tesco is strengthens feeling of security, reliability, honesty and trust. Figure7. Tesco Poland – interior of store (Tesco,2010) Keeping the store clean, regular shelf re-stocking, disposal of empty packaging and the regular cleaning of floors, windows and furniture is the foundation of any Tesco store. Micro environment competition â€Å"The marketing environment is defined as those external trading forces that directly or indirectly influence an organisation’s acquisitions of inputs and generation of outputs† (Dibb Simkin, 2001). [pic] Figure8. Factors impacting on a firm (Loh, 2009) One of the important factors of a micro environment is competition. Giant hypermarket networks on the Polish market suddenly appeared and immediately became a serious threat to local small and medium-sized companies. The real competition takes place between international networks such as Tesco, Carrefour and Biedronka (Ladybird). In estimates of Grupa Muszkieterow the top ten largest retail networks in terms of value sales in Poland are: Biedronka, Tesco, Carrefour, Real, Auchan, Lidl, Intermarche, E. Leclerc, Polomarket and Kaufland (PB, 2010). Figure9. Top 10 retail chains in Poland – turnover in 2008 and 2009 (ITM Pl, 2010) Figure10. Percent market shares retail chains in Poland in 2009 (top five)(PMR, 2010) 2. 1Tesco vs. Biedronka (Ladybird) Signs of rivalry between the two networks can be seen in their advertising campaigns. Biedronka attracts customers mainly by offering low prices. Tesco announce in their advertisements that it holds cut prices for a long time and that shoppers cannot buy cheaper anywhere else. At the same time Biedronka’s advertisement answered: â€Å"Simulate the Ladybird and being Ladybird – that is a big difference! †. While other supermarket chains put on loyalty programs for clients, Tesco mainly lowers prices but also competes by investing in small local shops in areas dominated by Biedronka.

Practice Speaking English Exercise

Practice Speaking English Exercise Here is a text to help you speak some English online - even if its not with a real person. You will hear the lines you see below. There is a pause between each sentence. Thats where you come in. Answer the questions and have a conversation. Its a good idea to read through the conversation before you begin, so youll know which questions to ask to keep up with the conversation. Take note that the conversation focuses on using the present simple, past simple and the future with going to. Its a good idea to open the audio file below in another window, so you can read the conversation as you participate. Practice Conversation Transcript Hi, my names Rich. Whats your name? Nice to meet you. Im from the United States and I live in San Diego in California. Where are you from? Im a teacher and I work online every day. What do you do? I like playing golf and tennis in my free time. How about you? At the moment, Im working on my website. What are you doing right now? Im tired today because I got up early. I usually get up at six oclock. When do you usually get up? I think its great youre learning English. How often do you study English? Did you study English yesterday? How about tomorrow? Are you going to study English tomorrow? OK, I know that studying English isnt the most important thing in the world! What else are you going to do this week? Im going to attend a concert on Saturday. Do you have any special plans? Last weekend, I went to visit my friends in San Francisco. What did you do? How often do you do that? When is the next time you are going to do that? Thank you for talking to me. Have a nice day! There is also an ​audio file of this conversation. Example Conversation to Compare Heres an example of the conversation you may have had. Compare this conversation to the one you had. Did you use the same tenses? Were your answers similar or different? How were they similar or different?   Rich: Hi, my names Rich. Whats your name?Peter: How do you do. My names Peter.   Rich: Nice to meet you. Im from the United States and I live in San Diego in California. Where are you from?Peter: Im from Cologne, Germany. Whats your job? Rich: Im a teacher and I work online every day. What do you do?Peter: Thats interesting. Im a bank teller. What do you like doing in your free time? Rich: I like playing golf and tennis in my free time. How about you?Peter: I enjoy reading and hiking on the weekends. What are you doing now? Rich: At the moment, Im working on my website. What are you doing right now?Peter: Im having a conversation with you! Why are you tired? Rich: Im tired today because I got up early. I usually get up at six oclock. When do you usually get up?Peter: I usually get up at six. At the moment, Im learning English at an English school in town. Rich: I think its great youre learning English. How often do you study English?Peter: I go to classes every day. Rich: Did you study English yesterday?Peter: Yes, I studied English yesterday morning.   Rich: How about tomorrow? Are you going to study English tomorrow?Peter: Of course Im going to study English tomorrow! But I do other things! Rich: OK, I know that studying English isnt the most important thing in the world! What else are you going to do this week?Peter: Im going to visit some friends and were going to have a barbecue. What are you going to do? Rich: Im going to attend a concert on Saturday. Do you have any special plans?Peter: No, Im going to relax. What did you do last weekend? Rich: Last weekend, I went to visit my friends in San Francisco. What did you do?Peter: I played soccer with some friends.   Rich: How often do you do that?Peter: We play soccer every weekend.   Rich: When is the next time you are going to do that?Peter: Were going to play next Sunday. Rich: Thank you for talking to me. Have a nice day!Peter: Thank you! Have a good one!

Marketing in The Third World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing in The Third World - Article Example When the discussion centers its focus on the marketing tangents within the third world nations, one finds that the booming economies of the developing countries brings to light the core issues of marketing, public relations, direct access to customers and other marketing outlets on a consistent level. This is because marketing has attained quite a significant role within the domains of the local businesses which are existent within these nations. With the changing global scenario and the technological thresholds coming to the fore, marketing has attained quite an important place within the whole area without any shadow of a doubt. Also new products which were just a norm within the developed nations have come to the front within the third world countries and thus marketing has had a pertinent role to play within the developing economies. Marketing within the third world has come out as a challenge for the different multinational companies because these organizations have seen pretty different perspectives both from the state as well as from the people, who are the direct beneficiaries of these multinational organizations. The marketing so done is indeed to benefit these people alone but at times consumer rights movements for one reason or the other have marred the whole infrastructure and indeed the business operations within the local domains for the multinationals. Thus the third world has posed quite a few headaches for the top companies when it comes to making the decision towards the third world countries or stick within the realms of the already developed nations. The consumer reaction could change any moment but then again this is pretty different to what these multinationals could expect in the developed countries where there are proper protests and demonstrations, all of which are lodged in a civilized mann er. The riots that usually take place within the third world countries due to branded products and the like are unheard of within the developed countries and thus this aspect has gained quite a lot of weight in the related discussions. Another significant consideration for marketing within the third world is of the ethical norms and the lack thereof. The ethical procedures that are implemented and made use of within the developed nations at times become a laughing stock within the third world nations due to the fact that their people are not properly educated and they have had less exposure at the hands of the multinational organizations. This is a serious pointer within the subject of marketing within the third world countries because seriously unethical and immoral marketing and advertising messages would become a usual norm within such locales and this would hamper their growth in a proper and adequate way. The society has a direct bearing on the way the marketing aspects are treated within any third world nation and thus the role of the marketing regimes becomes all the more pertinent in such situations. They have to play a parent role in devising strategies that could spark trouble and unrest within the third world nations as well as create controversies for the mere pleasure attached with their existence. Since labor is cheap within the third

The Japanese American internment Research Paper - 1

The Japanese American internment - Research Paper Example The government targeted the Japanese Americans, both aliens and residents, without ever warning them specifically. The main reason given for the internment was that the people of Japanese descent living in Hawaii, through the provision of intelligence, had aided the enemy in attacking the Pearl Harbor. In fact, two-thirds of the Japanese-Americans interned were American citizens, mostly children and young adults. Those internees who proved to be loyal to the US were released and by 1946, and all the internment camps were closed, but the psychological effects could not be undone (Steven and Bernie 2). The experience the Nisei, the second generation of the Japanese Americans, had in the internment camps led them to question their identity and citizenship. Research shows that â€Å"the camp experience was paradoxical† (Suyemoto 6). The camps were viewed as a way of enhancing the acculturation of the Japanese Americans, but the internees only interacted with their fellow Nisei. The Nisei relied on Japanese values, which included endurance during difficult situations and stoicism in the face of adversity, and this helped them to cope with the internment experience. After the release of the Nisei, they tried their best to avoid attracting any negative attention to themselves by attempting to present their identity as Americans. One Nisei has said â€Å"By trying to prove we were 110 percent American, we hoped to be accepted† (Suyemoto 6). The race-related trauma experienced during the internment prompted the Nisei to suppress their Japanese cultural heritage and instead focus on portraying American values. Subsequently, they passed on the same sentiments to their Sansei children, who passed the same to the current Gosei and Yonsei generation (Nagata 125).The impact of the race-related trauma experienced during the internment was then, transgenerational. The Sansei children often heard their parents mention the â€Å"camp† in

Nitrification Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment

Nitrification Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview Landfilling is one of the oldest and common methods used for waste disposal. It is perceived as the most economical and environmentally acceptable technique. It is a complex system with physical, chemical, and biological processes. While undergoing the process of wastes degradation, there is the production of highly contaminating liquid, leachate, and polluting gases. If discharged in an uncontrolled and non-engineered manner, leachate will contaminate groundwater bodies and subsequently jeopardizing the ecosystem. There is a network for the collection the contaminants. The gases such as methane and carbon dioxide are flared before they can affect the atmosphere. The leachate generated, requires treatment before discharge and it is the main problem. In Mauritius, there has been an upsurge in the amount of wastes generated due to rapid industrialization. A structure for solid waste management was necessitated which resulted in the construction of Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site. Over the years, there has been an increase the volume of wastes being disposed and consequently, a rise in the amount of leachate generated. As previously mentioned, the polluting liquid requires treatment prior to disposal. Nowadays, we do have laws that are regulated by the Wastewater Management Authority Act and the organization operates under the aegis of the Ministry of Public Utilities. After treatment leachate shall comply with the standard limits for effluent discharge as shown in Appendix C. Many studies have been carried out for the treatment of leachate and various methods are available. There are several parameters that define the treatment method. The treating technique shall be efficient, cost-effective with minimum input, flexible and if possible usage of the effluent. Aim and Objectives The aim of the project is the study of the nitrification process in the treatment of landfill leachate. The project had the following objectives set: To determine the suitability and efficiency of a SBR and co treatment method for the treatment of landfill leachate. To find the concentration at which ammonia nitrogen is toxic to microorganisms. To design a suitable tank for the method being adopted. To assess the cost-effectiveness of the treating system Structure of Thesis The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 2: gives a brief overview of landfilling process, describing the various components of a landfill. There is a description of the Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site and a summary of typical leachate effluent. Chapter 3: deals with the treating options available for wastewater treatment particularly leachate. The efficiency for ammonia nitrogen removal is outlined and a reviewing some case studies on biological treatment of landfill leachate. Chapter 4: describes the methodology adopted for leachate treatment. Chapter 5: gives a detailed analysis of the results obtained and assessment of various parameters. Chapter 6: consists of the design a treating system for leachate. Chapter 7: describes the cost effectiveness of the treatment methods and some recommendations for improvement of the designs. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW of LITERATURE 2.1. Landfill A landfill may be defined as a physical facility used for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth (Tchobanoglous et al.). Nowadays, the term sanitary landfill is more usually utilized to describe an engineered facility, designed, operated and monitored with the foremost objective of reducing environmental and health hazards. According to Tchobanoglous, a landfill may be categorized with respect to the incoming waste materials. There are various criteria that are considered before the design and construction phases. The site cannot be close to water bodies, highways, any residential areas or even airports. The main reason is the pollution accompanied by the operation of such a site which will eventually disturb its surrounding environment. Another factor is the hydrogeology of the site, groundwater maps are prepared by studying the different soil stratum. This helps in determining the permeability of the soil, the depth to groundwater, the direction of groundwater flow and hydraulic gradients. If clay is to be used as a liner, then borrow sources are found. Landfill Components Liner: It is a barrier that will prevent the leachate and other liquids from penetrating the soil. It can be made of clay, synthetic materials or both which is known as composite liner. This barrier also restricts the underground migration of landfill gases. Cap system: Usually a soil cover placed over the landfill at completion of filling, also known as final cover, with vegetation grown over it. The cover may consist of geosynthetic materials also, thus hindering the escape of landfill gases to the air and restricting the infiltration of rain into the landfill (Bagchi, 1994). Gas management system: As shown in the diagram above, these are a series of gas wells that removes methane and other decomposition gases from the landfill for flaring and reuse. The methane gas may be used in the electricity production. Leachate management system: A number of horizontal and vertical pipes placed just above the liner that drains and collects leachate. Afterwards the polluting liquid may be brought to a retention pond. Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site Over the last few years, a rapid development at socio-economic levels has brought an upsurge in the amount of wastes generated in Mauritius. There was a need for an integrated solid waste management programme. The Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill is the only waste disposal site for Mauritius till date. The site is located in the southern part of the island near a small village called Cluny. It receives mostly municipal solid wastes and therefore categorized as a Class à Ã‚ ¨ type. The site was previously operated by STAM Ltà ©e, from 1997 to 2006, and presently by Sotravic Limità ©e/ Bilfinger-Berger consortium. The amount of wastes disposed at the landfill has nearly tripled over the years, reaching to a daily value of about 1,200 tonnes. The percentage of incoming wastes is summarized below: The field capacity of the landfill was already attained and currently there is an extension of works on existing cells. The site is comprised of six cells and actually the fifth one is in use. Prior to disposal at the landfill, the wastes are compacted at transfer stations. The wastes are dumped from a tipping point and soon, they are spread over existing wastes by means of specialized vehicles. At the end of the day, a cover is placed to reduce the amount of windblown debris. Both clayey and geosynthetic liners were used on the site. The amount of leachate being carted away for the period of January 2007 December 2007 is 110 858 m3. Actually, no leachate treatment is being carried out. Among the landfill gases produced methane is the most dangerous and it is dealt with in a controlled environment. The gas is being collected by means of pipelines and subsequently flared. Leachate The definition according to EPA is as follows; â€Å"Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil.† Leachate can be described as a highly contaminated liquid, containing a considerable amount of dissolved and suspended solids that has percolated down through wastes. The leachate quality varies throughout the operational life of a landfill and long after its closure. There are three broad and overlapping phases of waste decomposition, in which chemical and biological processes give rise to both landfill gas and leachate during and beyond the active life of the site (Carville et al.). Phase 1: Oxygen present in the wastes is rapidly consumed by aerobic decomposition. This phase has duration of less than one month and is normally relatively unimportant in terms of leachate quality. This phase is exothermic and high temperatures may be produced. If some of this heat is retained, then as a result of that the rate of the upcoming phases is increased. Phase 2: Anaerobic digestion is comprised of the following four phases; Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where large polymers are converted to simple monomers. Acidogenesis: A biological reaction where the monomers are converted to volatile fatty acids. Acetogenesis: A biological reaction where the fatty acids are converted into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid. Methanogenesis: The acetic acid is converted into acetates. Hydrogen is used up to convert the acetates into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic and facultative microorganisms hydrolyze cellulose and other putrescible materials such as complex carbohydrates, fats and proteins to soluble organic compounds. These hydrolysis products are then fermented during acidogenesis to various intermediates such as volatile fatty acids and alcohols. Finally, these intermediates are converted during acetogenesis to acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The high content of putrescible material in the waste may sustain acidogenic conditions for quite some time and provide a rich feed stock for methanogens subsequently. Leachate from this acidic phase typically contains a high concentration of free fatty acids. It therefore has low pH of 5 or 6, and will dissolve other components of the wastes, such as the alkaline earths and heavy metals, which can be mobilized in the leachate, possibly as fatty acid complexes. The leachate also contains high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen and has both a high organic carbon concentration and a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Phase 3: Conditions become more anaerobic as waste degradation proceeds and methanogenic bacteria gradually become established. These start to consume the simple organic compounds, producing a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane that is released as landfill gas. The carbon dioxide tends to dissolve producing the very high bicarbonate concentrations typical of Phase 3 leachates. The rate at which this phase becomes established is controlled by a number of factors, including the content of readily putrescible waste. Since the majority of the organic compounds are high molecular weight humic and fulvic acids, the leachates are characterized by relatively low BOD values. Ammoniacal nitrogen continues to be released by areas of the waste where phase 2 is continuing and generally remains at high concentrations in the leachate. Falling redox potential immobilizes many metals as sulphides in the waste. (Source: www.wikipedia.com/leachate) Typical leachate effluent Leachate is usually termed as a high strength wastewater. The polluting liquid has a high concentration of contaminants and varies throughout the landfill age as shown in the table below. From the above table, it noticed that leachates are normally alkaline having a pH of 6.0-8.4. The average COD value is found to be 5000 mg/l and the ammoniacal nitrogen remains within a similar range 900-3000 mg/L for all most of the sites. As it has been portrayed, the leachate does not meet the requirements for discharge either in sewers or surface water (see Appendix C) and this clearly indicates a need for treatment. CHAPTER 3 Treatment Options Overview Most landfills operate their own onsite leachate pretreatment and treatment facilities. Three types of treatment are possible physical, chemical and biological. Usually they are used in conjunction with one another. The constituents of leachate and availability of resources determine the treatment method to be adopted. Therefore, it should be efficient, flexible and an economical option. The leachate quality is highly dependent on the waste materials being disposed and the stage of their anaerobic decomposition. Hence, there is a variation in the constituents concentration. It has been observed that throughout the life cycle of a landfill, the ammonia nitrogen concentration remains very high. Amongst several usual parameters, ammonia nitrogen is a key one as it influences the selection and the design of the treating system. Physical Treatment Ammonia Stripping Ammonia can be removed by the air stripping technique which consists of blowing air through the wastewater. The method is based on the following equation; The above equation is highly dependent on the pH so that an exchange of ionic forms can take place. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 10-9.25 at 18 ° C (Sorensen, 1993). pH = 9.25 + log [NH3] / [NH4+] From the above equation a pH greater than 10 is needed for releasing the ammonia gas. At normal temperature only 2% of the gas is liberated and therefore the wastewater should be heated to increase the efficiency of the treatment process. In achieving relatively low effluent values of ammoniacal-N (e.g. Reverse Osmosis The process consists of applying a pressure to the wastewater, i.e. the leachate, which passes through a semi permeable membrane. The water molecules present in the wastewater will pass the membrane forming the permeate and the contaminants remaining are the concentrate. The main advantage of using such a system is the removal of non-biodegradable compounds such as residual COD, heavy metals and chloride ions together with other large molecules present in leachate. The concentrate produced is a major issue as it is highly toxic to the environment. It is usually recirculated in the landfill or disposed off-site for storage. The removal rate of the contaminants is usually greater than 99.6 %. The plant is usually operated in more than one stage and occupies less space when compared to other treating systems. The process is currently in use in several countries such as France, Germany and Holland (IPCC, 2007). Activated Carbon Adsorption Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds. It is used in one of the following forms, powdered and granular. Due to the high cost of activated carbon, it is normally utilized for polishing after biological treatment. With an optimum dose and sufficient contact time, a considerable decrease in COD and BOD concentration can be achieved by this method. In the powdered form, the carbon is meant for single use and it loses its adsorption capacity and therefore cannot be reactivated. The mixed liquor must then be treated to remove the PAC, by subsequent processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, or filtration. In the granular form, the carbon can be used again but must be removed which requires specialized equipment (IPCC, 2007). Biological Treatment Processes The treatment process is comprised of growing and reproducing microorganisms in a controlled environment to stabilize organic matter. There are two forms of growth process attached and suspended. In suspended growth treatment systems, microorganisms are maintained in suspension within the wastewater whereas in the attached growth process, the biomass grows and is retained on a medium. Attached Growth Processes Percolating filters Rotating biological Contactors (RBC) Suspended Growth Processes Aerated lagoons Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Combined treatment with domestic wastewater (co treatment) Percolating Filters It is an aerobic biological treatment system. Wastewater flows over a fixed and inert medium to which biofilms are attached and trickles down under gravity. The medium may be made up of different materials such as plastics and gravels and the depth of the filter is normally 2-4 m. The effluent is passed through a clarifier to remove biological solids. The percolating filter has many disadvantages concerning the treatment of landfill leachate. The system is efficient mostly for the treatment of low strength leachate. A recurrent problem is the clogging of the filter media and vulnerability to shock-term load (IPCC, 2007). Rotating Biological Contactors The process consists of large diameter steel or corrugated plastic media centered around a horizontal shaft, usually placed in a concrete tank. The media is slowly rotated (mechanical or air drive). At any given time during the rotation, about 40% of the media surface area is in the wastewater. Organisms in the wastewater are attached and, multiply on the rotating media until they form a thin layer of biomass. RBC is most effective for treating methanogenic than acetogenic leachates and for concentrations of ammoniacal-N below 500mg/l. The rotating biological contactor may have operational problems, since high concentrations of degradable COD can result in excessive sludge growth, and clogging of interstices within rotors (IPCC, 2007). Aerated Lagoons Aerated lagoons are operated by a combination of aerobic and anaerobic processes. The lower part of the lagoon converts the settled solids and sludge into carbon and methane by the action of anaerobic decomposition. The upper part is usually aerated, surface aeration or by algae present, to oxidize compounds from the anaerobic zone. Effluent is withdrawn from the upper zone, generally over an overflow arrangement. For discharge into surface waters, a secondary settlement lagoon or reed bed filtration system is needed for wastewater polishing. The constraints of the system are as such it requires large space and is quite sensitive to temperature changes. There is the possibility of odurs emanating from the lagoon. The main concern is the inability to provide consistent and reliable design in order to meet the discharge limits. Activated Sludge Process It is the most widely used aerobic biological process for treatment of domestic wastewater. It operates on the basis of a continuous inflow of wastewater. The latter is completely mixed and aerated for certain period of time, giving rise to mixed liquor. For nitrification to occur the sludge age must be greater than 8 days, so that the nitrifying bacteria can grow sufficiently large in numbers to exert an oxygen demand. The mixed liquor is allowed to settle in the clarifier and the biomass is returned to the aeration tank. The clarified effluent is decanted for disposal or tertiary treatment. The ASP is a continuous process and leachate cannot be treated directly, it requires dilution due to ammonia toxicity. Sequencing Batch Reactor The reactor is a slight modification of the ASP. It operates on a fill-and-draw basis using the suspended growth process. The SBR utilizes a single tank which accommodates aerobic biological treatment, flow equalization, settlement of solids, effluent clarification and decanting. Thus, it is usually described as operating in time rather than space when compared to conventional ASP. The reactor consists and operates under the following cycles: Fill: During the fill operation, volume and substrate (raw wastewater or primary effluent) are added to the reactor. The fill process typically allows the liquid level in the reactor to rise from 75% of capacity (at the end of idle period) to 100%. During fill, the reactor may be mixed only or mixed and aerated to promote biological reactions with the effluent wastewater. React: During the react period, the biomass consumes the substrate under controlled environmental conditions. Settle: Solids are allowed to separate from the liquid under quiescent conditions, resulting in a clarified supernatant that can be discharged as effluent. Decant: Clarified effluent is removed during the decant period. Many types of decanting mechanisms can be used, with the most popular being floating or adjustable weirs. Idle: An idle period is used in a multitank system to provide time for one reactor to complete its fill phase before switching to another unit. Because idle phase is not a necessary phase, it is sometimes omitted. Advantages of the system It requires small space as a common tank is used for the various unit processes. Flexibility in operating the reactor. The reaction time can be controlled and settling can be achieved under quiescent conditions. There the elimination of the return sludge pumping when compared to the ASP. Disadvantages of the system A higher level of sophistication is required (compared to conventional systems), especially for larger systems, of timing units and controls. Potential of discharging floating or settled sludge during the draw or decant phase with some SBR configurations. Combined Treatment with Domestic Wastewater It is a combined method for treating domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. Both wastewater and leachate can be treated at suitable mixing ratios (Aktas, 2001). Domestic wastewater can provide phosphate while leachate can provide nitrogen based nutrients, thus compensating for nutrients deficiency. Hence, nutrients need not to be supplied. Leachates from older landfills have a lower BOD/COD value and a smaller biodegradable organic fraction. There may not be sufficient COD to support denitrification of nitrate, a supplementary source of organic carbon is required to ensure adequate denitrification. Synthetic chemicals, such as methanol or acetic acid, are effective but quite expensive. It is necessary to find an alternative cost effective source of easily biodegradable carbon (Zhang, 2005). The mixing ratios are determined or else there will be nitrification inhibition by the presence of excess free ammonia. Case studies for biological treatment of landfill leachate The Buckden Landfill Site has been operational since 1994 and has been successful in treating landfill leachate for more than 10 years. The landfill site uses twin sequencing batch reactors, each designed for treating up to 100 m3/day. The effluent is then treated by means of reed bed and an ozonation plant for wastewater polishing and removal of pesticides. The plant has a design loading rate of 0.02 0.040 kg N/kg MLVSS. The plant has been successful in removing ammonia nitrogen from 331 mg/L to 0.27 mg/L. Only the COD value has not met the discharge limits ( The main running costs are due to electricity for aeration and for ozonation. There is also the use of sodium hydroxide for automatic pH control, and of phosphoric acid for provision of phosphorus as a nutrient, which are relatively small costs. Another case is a South-African landfill which receives up to 2000 tonnes of MSW each day. Up to 80 m3/day of leachate are generated, which have to be treated to very high standards. The treatment system is made up of a SBR with final polishing through a reed bed planted with Phragmites. The SBR is highly efficient for ammoniacal nitrogen removal from over 1200 mg/l to less than 1.0 mg/l. COD values are reduced by 60% from raw leachate values of over 2000 mg/l (Robinson et al., 2005). CHAPTER 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4.1. Overview This chapter deals with the methodology adopted and is comprised of the following phases: Sampling Sample preservation Wastewater characterization Leachate Wastewater from SMTP Sludge Biological treatment of landfill leachate using a SBR Co-treatment of landfill leachate with wastewater from SMTP Testing Results and analysis Conclusions Sampling Sampling is done to represent a certain population, in this case wastewater, on which tests are performed and the results symbolize the wastewater characteristics. This can be achieved by two methods: composite sampling and grab sampling. A composite sample consists of collecting samples at regular interval in time. This will be representative of the average wastewater characteristics. A grab sample is based upon obtaining a distinct sample regardless to its flow or time of the day. If the wastewater quality is not highly variable, the results obtained from grab sampling will tend to corroborate composite ones. Both methods are used and for this project the grab sampling technique was adopted. Sample Preservation Soon after the samples were collected, they were tested and if not possible, they were preserved. The latter is crucial step as most of the wastewater constituents have to be kept as are in their original state. They were incubated at 4 ° C and when necessary pH control was done by adding sulphuric acid. Subsequently, this will stop all the biological activities. Wastewater Characterization The next step after sampling is characterization, i.e. determining the level of constituents present in the wastewater. As a fact of that, the treatment method is selected and applied to the polluting material. Each time, when new samples were obtained, they were characterized in compliance with Standard Methods of Testing. For the project, characterization has to be done for these materials; Leachate The leachates were delivered at the UOM Public Health Laboratory, on the 23rd October 2007 and 9th January 2008, and were characterized for the main polluting parameters. Then the sample was preserved till the treatment starts. Domestic Wastewater The domestic wastewater was collected at SMTP. The sample was collected from the primary clarifier after degriting has been done on the following dates: 26th February and 3rd March 27, 2008. The samples were immediately characterized and then used. Sludge For nitrification to take place there should be microorganisms feeding on the organic matter, but leachate does not contain any. Therefore, the returned sludge from SMTP was collected and brought to the UOM Public Health Laboratory. The sludge was allowed to settle and the supernatant was discarded, the residual left was used for testing. As a result of that the sludge concentration was increased and smaller amount is required for biological treatment. A TSS was carried out and the value obtained was used for calculations. The sludge was also studied under the microscope determining the microorganisms present and their conditions. Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate using a SBR The first option for treating leachate was the biological treatment by making use of a SBR. It was made up of the following phases: fill, react, settle and decant. The reactor consisted of sludge, water and leachate with varying composition. Their volumes were calculated such that the ammonia nitrogen concentration is about 50 mg/L in the reactor. The latter was aerated for a period of 24 hours. The main polluting parameters were monitored and accentuating upon the level of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The system was run for a number of cycles and then denitrification phase was operated. Experimental Procedure A reactor of capacity 20 L was considered with an MLSS concentration of 4000 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen concentration had to be greater than 2 mg/l and this was achieved by the means of air diffusers. The diffusers provided the mixing within the reactor. Immediately after the setting out of the reactor, a grab sample was collected and was tested. These values were set as baseline. After 24 hours of aeration, another sample was collected from the reactor and tests were performed. The critical parameter i.e. ammonia nitrogen was observed and if, the value is not within the discharge limits then it aerated till the expected result is obtained. The biomass required nutrients which provided in the form of Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate. In order for the treatment to take place, we had to cater for alkalinity and this was achieved by the addition of concentrated sodium hydroxide. Thus the nitrification process was being monitored until no further treatment. A total of 3 sequential batch reactors were operated. After the operation of the third reactor, the denitrification phase was initiated. All the air diffusers were switched off and acetic acid was added to the reactor. The dissolved oxygen concentration was monitored till it reached the zero value and the nitrate nitrogen concentration was measured. Co-treatment of Landfill Leachate with Wastewater from SMTP The other alternative is a combined method, treating domestic wastewater and leachate together. The treatment is biological in nature using a SBR with phases; fill, react, settle and decant. The treating system consisted of aerating the SBR, composed of sludge, domestic wastewater and leachate, for a period of 24 hours. The volume of leachate was gradually increased until no further treatment was observed. The main parameters were monitored, laying emphasis on the nitrification process. The values were recorded and analyzed. Experimental Procedure Small reactors of capacity 5 L each were considered with an MLSS concentration of 1500 mg/l. The first SBR was made up of 100% DWW and sludge only, the second one 95% DWW, 5% leachate and sludge, the third one 90% DWW, 10% leachate and sludge and so on. An example is being shown below. The dissolved oxygen concentration was kept greater than 2 mg/l by the use of air diffusers which also provided the mixing within the reactor. Immediately after the setting out of the reactor, a grab sample was collected and was tested. These values were set as baseline. After 24 hours of aeration, another sample was collected from the reactor and tests were performed.